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z } epdc == aE [varname seconds] alias - define or display aliases alias creates or redefines alias definitions or writes the existing alias definitions to standard output. An alias definitions provides a string value that will replace a command name when the command is read. Alias names can contain any printable character which is not special to the shell. If an alias value ends in a space or tab, then the word following the command name the alias replaces is also checked to see whether it is an alias. If no names are specified then the names and values of all aliases are written to standard output. Otherwise, for each name that is specified, and =value is not specified, the current value of the alias corresponding to name is written to standard output. If =value is specified, the alias name will be created or redefined. alias is built-in to the shell as a declaration command so that field splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the arguments. Tilde expansion occurs on value. An alias definition only affects scripts read by the current shell environment. It does not effect scripts run by this shell. Causes the output to be in the form of alias commands that can be used as input to the shell to recreate the current aliases. Used for tracked aliases. These are aliases that connect a command name to the pathname of the command and are reset when the PATH variable is unset. The tracked aliases feature is now obsolete. Ignored, this option is obsolete. [name[=value]...] Successful completion. One or more name operands did not have an alias definition, or an error occurred. sh(1), unalias(1) bg - resume jobs in the background bg places the given jobs into the background and sends them a CONT signal to start them running. If job is omitted, the most recently started or stopped background job is resumed or continued in the background. Each job can be specified as one of the following: number number refers to a process id. number refers to a process group id. number refer to a job number. Refers to a job whose name begins with string. Refers to a job whose name contains string. Refers to the current job. Refers to the previous job. [job ...] If all background jobs are started. If one more jobs does not exist or there are no background jobs. wait(1), fg(1), disown(1), jobs(1) break - break out of loop break is a shell special built-in that exits the smallest enclosing for, select, while, or until loop, or the n-th enclosing loop if n is specified. Execution continues at the command following the loop(s). If n is given, it must be a positive integer >= 1. If n is larger than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop will be exited. continue(1), return(1) builtin - add, delete, or display shell built-ins builtin can be used to add, delete, or display built-in commands in the current shell environment. A built-in command executes in the current shell process and can have side effects in the current shell. On most systems, the invocation time for built-in commands is one or two orders of magnitude less than commands that create a separate process. For each pathname specified, the basename of the pathname determines the name of the built-in. For each basename, the shell looks for a C level function in the current shell whose name is determined by prepending b_ to the built-in name. If pathname contains a /, then the built-in is bound to this pathname. A built-in bound to a pathname will only be executed if pathname is the first executable found during a path search. Otherwise, built-ins are found prior to performing the path search. If no pathname operands are specified, then builtin displays the current list of built-ins, or just the special built-ins if -s is specified, on standard output. The full pathname for built-ins that are bound to pathnames are displayed. Libraries containing built-ins can be specified with the -f option. If the library contains a function named lib_init(), this function will be invoked with argument 0 when the library is loaded. The lib_init() function can load built-ins by invoking an appropriate C level function. In this case there is no restriction on the C level function name. The C level function will be invoked with three arguments. The first two are the same as main() and the third one is a pointer. builtin cannot be invoked from a restricted shell. Deletes each of the specified built-ins. Special built-ins cannot be deleted. lib On systems with dynamic linking, lib names a shared library to load and search for built-ins. Libraries are search for in $PATH and system dependent library directories. The system dependent shared library prefix and/or suffix may be omitted. Once a library is loaded, its symbols become available for the current and subsequent invocations of builtin. Multiple libraries can be specified with separate invocations of builtin. Libraries are searched in the reverse order in which they are specified. Display only the special built-ins. [pathname ...] All pathname operands and -f options processed successfully. An error occurred. whence(1) cd - change working directory cd changes the current working directory of the current shell environment. In the first form with one operand, if directory begins with /, or if the first component is . or .., the directory will be changed to this directory. If directory is -, the directory will be changed to the last directory visited. Otherwise, if the CDPATH environment variable is set, cd searches for directory relative to each directory named in the colon separated list of directories defined by CDPATH. If CDPATH not set, cd changes to the directory specified by directory. In the second form, the first occurrence of the string old contained in the pathname of the present working directory is replaced by the string new and the resulting string is used as the directory to which to change. When invoked without operands and when the HOME environment variable is set to a nonempty value, the directory named by the HOME environment variable will be used. If HOME is empty or unset, cd will fail. When cd is successful, the PWD environment variable will be set to the name of an absolute pathname that does not contain any .. components corresponding to the new directory. The environment variable OLDPWD will be set to the previous value of PWD. If the new directory is found by searching the directories named by CDPATH, or if directory is -, or if the two operand form is used, the new value of PWD will be written to standard output. If both -L and -P are specified, the last one specified will be used. If neither -P or -L is specified then the behavior will be determined by the getconf parameter PATH_RESOLVE. If PATH_RESOLVE is physical, then the behavior will be as if -P were specified. Otherwise, the behavior will be as if -L were specified. Handle each pathname component .. in a logical fashion by moving up one level by name in the present working directory. The present working directory is first converted to an absolute pathname that does not contain symbolic link components and symbolic name components are expanded in the resulting directory name. [directory] Directory successfully changed. pwd(1), getconf(1) command - execute a simple command Without -v or -V, command executes command with arguments given by arg, suppressing the shell function lookup that normally occurs. In addition, if command is a special built-in command, then the special properties are removed so that failures will not cause the script that executes it to terminate. With the -v or -V options, command is equivalent to the whence(1) command. Causes a default path to be searched rather than the one defined by the value of PATH. Equivalent to whence command [arg ...]. Equivalent to whence -v command [arg ...]. [command [arg ...]] If command is invoked, the exit status of command will be that of command. Otherwise, it will be one of the following: command completed successfully. -v or -V has been specified and an error occurred. command was found but could not be invoked. command could not be found. whence(1), getconf(1) continue - continue execution at top of the loop continue is a shell special built-in that continues execution at the top of smallest enclosing enclosing for, select, while, or until loop, if any; or the top of the n-th enclosing loop if n is specified. If n is given, it must be a positive integer >= 1. If n is larger than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop will be used. break(1) disown - disassociate a job with the current shell disown prevents the current shell from sending a HUP signal to each of the given jobs when the current shell terminates a login session. If job is omitted, the most recently started or stopped background job is used. If all jobs are sucessfully disowned. If one more jobs does not exist. wait(1), bg(1), jobs(1) . - execute commands in the current environment . is a special built-in command that executes commands from a function or a file in the current environment. If name refers to a function defined with the function name syntax, the function executes in the current environment as if it had been defined with the name() syntax so that there is no scoping. Otherwise, commands from the file defined by name are executed in the current environment. Note that the complete script is read before it begins to execute so that any aliases defined in this script will not take effect until the script completes execution. When name refers to a file, the PATH variable is searched for the file containing commands. In this case execute permission is not required for name. If any args are specified, these become the positional parameters for the duration of the function or script and are restored upon completion. name [arg ...] If name is found, then the exit status is that of the last command executed. Otherwise, since this is a special built-in, an error will cause a non-interactive shell to exit with a non-zero exit status. An interactive shell returns a non-zero exit status to indicate an error. command(1), ksh(1) eval - create a shell command and process it eval is a shell special built-in command that constructs a command by concatenating the args together, separating each with a space. The resulting string is then taken as input to the shell and evaluated in the current environment. Note that command words are expanded twice; once to construct arg, and again when the shell executes the constructed command. It is not an error if arg is not given. [arg...] If arg is not specified, the exit status is 0. Otherwise, it is the exit status of the command defined by the arg operands. exec(1), trap(1), .(1) exec - execute command, open/close and duplicate file descriptors exec is a special built-in command that can be used to manipulate file descriptors or to replace the current shell with a new command. If command is specified, then the current shell process will be replaced by command rather than running command and waiting for it to complete. Note that there is no need to use exec to enhance performance since the shell implicitly uses the exec mechanism internally whenever possible. If no operands are specified, exec can be used to open or close files, or to manipulate file descriptors from 0 to 9 in the current shell environment using the standard redirection mechanism available with all commands. The close-on-exec flags will be set on file descriptor numbers greater than 2 that are opened this way so that they will be closed when another program is invoked. Because exec is a special command, any failure will cause the script that invokes it to exit. This can be prevented by invoking exec from the command utility. exec cannot be invoked from a restricted shell to create files or to open a file for writing or appending. Clear all environment variables before executions except variable assignments that are part of the current exec command. argv[0] will be set to name for command If command is specified, exec does not return. Otherwise, the exit status is one of the following: All I/O redirections were successful. command(1), eval(1) exit - exit the current shell exit is shell special built-in that causes the shell that invokes it to exit. Before exiting the shell, if the EXIT trap is set it will be invoked. If n is given, it will be used to set the exit status. If n is specified, the exit status is the least significant eight bits of the value of n. Otherwise, the exit status is the exit status of preceding command. When invoked inside a trap, the preceding command means the command that invoked the trap. break(1), return(1) export - set export attribute on variables export sets the export attribute on each of the variables specified by name which causes them to be in the environment of subsequently executed commands. If =value is specified, the variable name is set to value. If no names are specified then the names and values of all exported variables are written to standard output. export is built-in to the shell as a declaration command so that field splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the arguments. Tilde expansion occurs on value. Causes the output to be in the form of export commands that can be used as input to the shell to recreate the current exports. sh(1), typeset(1) ? lists, edits, or re-executes, commands previously entered into the current shell environment. The command history list references commands by number. The first number in the list is selected arbitrarily. The relationship of a number to its command does not change during a login session. When the number reaches 32767 the number wraps around to 1 but maintains the ordering. When commands are edited (when the -l option is not specified), the resulting lines will be entered at the end of the history list and then reexecuted by the current shell. The ? command that caused the editing will not be entered into the history list. If the editor returns a non-zero exit status, this will suppress the entry into the history list and the command reexecution. Command line variable assignments and redirections affect both the ? command and the commands that are reexecuted. first and last define the range of commands. first and last can be one of the following: A positive number representing a command number. A + sign can precede number. A negative number representing a command that was executed number commands previously. For example, -1 is the previous command. string string indicates the most recently entered command that begins with string. string should not contain an =. If first is omitted, the previous command is used, unless -l is specified, in which case it will default to -16 and last will default to -1. If first is specified and last is omitted, then last will default to first unless -l is specified in which case it will default to -1. If no editor is specified, then the editor specfied by the HISTEDIT variable will be used if set, or the FCEDIT variable will be used if set, otherwise, ed will be used. editor editor specifies the editor to use to edit the history command. A value of - for editor is equivalent to specifiying the -s option. List the commands rather than editing and reexecuting them. num Suppress the command numbers when the commands are listed. Reverse the order of the commands. Reexecute the command without invoking an editor. In this case an operand of the form old=new can be specified to change the first occurrence of the string old in the command to new before reexecuting the command. [first [last] ] If a command is reexecuted, the exit status is that of the command that gets reexecuted. Otherwise, it is one of the following: Successfully completion of the listing. ksh(1), sh(1), ed(1) fg - move jobs to the foreground fg places the given jobs into the foreground in sequence and sends them a CONT signal to start each running. If job is omitted, the most recently started or stopped background job is moved to the foreground. If fg brings one or more jobs into the foreground, the exit status of fg will be that of the last job. If one or more jobs does not exist or has completed, fg will return a non-zero exit status. ? - parse utility options The getopts utility can be used to retrieve options and arguments from a list of arguments given by args or the positional parameters if args is omitted. It can also generate usage messages and a man page for the command based on the information in optstring. Each time it is invoked, the getopts utility places the value of the next option in the shell variable specified by the name operand and the index of the next argument to be processed in the shell variable OPTIND. When the shell is invoked OPTIND is initialized to 1. When an option requires or permits an option argument, getopts places the option argument in the shell variable OPTARG. Otherwise OPTARG is set to 1 when the option is set and 0 when the option is unset. The optstring string consists of alpha-numeric characters, the special characters +, -, ?, :, and <space>, or character groups enclosed in [...]. Character groups may be nested in {...}. Outside of a [...] group, a single new-line followed by zero or more blanks is ignored. One or more blank lines separate the options from the command argument synopsis. Each [...] group consists of an optional label, optional attributes separated by :, and an optional description string following ?. The characters from the ? to the end of the next ] are ignored for option parsing and short usage messages. They are used for generating verbose help or man pages. The : character may not appear in the label. The ? character must be specified as ?? in the label and the ] character must be specified as ]] in the description string. Text between two \b (backspace) characters indicates that the text should be emboldened when displayed. Text between two \a (bell) characters indicates that the text should be emphasised or italicized when displayed. Text between two \v (vertical tab) characters indicates that the text should displayed in a fixed width font. Text between two \f (formfeed) characters will be replaced by the output from the shell function whose name is that of the enclosed text. A option value description. A argument specification. A list of valid option argument values can be specified by enclosing them inside a {...} following the option argument specification. Each of the permitted values can be specified with a [...] containing the value followed by a description. If the leading character of optstring is +, then arguments beginning with + will also be considered options. A leading : character or a : following a leading + in optstring affects the way errors are handled. If an option character or longname argument not specified in optstring is encountered when processing options, the shell variable whose name is name will be set to the ? character. The shell variable OPTARG will be set to the character found. If an option argument is missing or has an invalid value, then name will be set to the : character and the shell variable OPTARG will be set to the option character found. Without the leading :, name will be set to the ? character, OPTARG will be unset, and an error message will be written to standard error when errors are encountered. The end of options occurs when: The special argument -- is encountered. An argument that does not begin with a - is encountered. A help argument is specified. An error is encountered. If OPTIND is set to the value 1, a new set of arguments can be used. getopts can also be used to generate help messages containing command usage and detailed descriptions. Specify args as: To generate a usage synopsis.][+--?????To generate a verbose usage message.][+--????man?To generate a formatted man page.][+--????api?To generate an easy to parse usage message.][+--????html?To generate a man page in html format.][+--????nroff?To generate a man page in nroff format.][+--????usage?List the current optstring.][+--??????name?List version=n, n>0, if the option name is recognized by getopts.]}[+?When the end of options is encountered, getopts exits with a non-zero return value and the variable OPTIND is set to the index of the first non-option argument.]a:[name?Use name instead of the command name in usage messages.] An option specified was found. An end of options was encountered. A usage or information message was generated. ? - process command history list kill - terminate or signal process With the first form in which -l is not specified, kill sends a signal to one or more processes specified by job. This normally terminates the processes unless the signal is being caught or ignored. A job can be specified as one of the following: If the signal is not specified with either the -n or the -s option, the SIGTERM signal is used. If -l is specified, and no arg is specified, then kill writes the list of signals to standard output. Otherwise, arg can be either a signal name, or a number representing either a signal number or exit status for a process that was terminated due to a signal. If a name is given the corresponding signal number will be written to standard output. If a number is given the corresponding signal name will be written to standard output. List signal names or signal numbers rather than sending signals as described above. The -n and -s options cannot be specified. signum Specify a signal number to send. Signal numbers are not portable across platforms, except for the following: No signal HUP INT QUIT ABRT KILL ALRM TERM signame Specify a signal name to send. The signal names are derived from their names in <signal.h> without the SIG prefix and are case insensitive. kill -l will generate the list of signals on the current platform. job ... At least one matching process was found for each job operand, and the specified signal was successfully sent to at least one matching process. ps(1), jobs(1), kill(2), signal(2) let - evaluate arithmetic expressions let evaluates each expr in the current shell environment as an arithmetic expression using ANSI C syntax. Variables names are shell variables and they are recursively evaluated as arithmetic expressions to get numerical values. let has been made obsolete by the ((...)) syntax of ksh(1) which does not require quoting of the operators to pass them as command arguments. [expr ...] The last expr evaluates to a non-zero value. The last expr evaluates to 0 or an error occurred. expr(1), test(1), ksh(1) print - write arguments to standard output By default, print writes each string operand to standard output and appends a newline character. Unless, the -r or -f option is specifed, each \ character in each string operand is processed specially as follows: Alert character. Backspace character. Terminate output without appending newline. The remaining string operands are ignored. Formfeed character. Newline character. Tab character. Vertical tab character. Backslash character. Escape character (ASCII octal 033). The 8-bit character whose ASCII code is the 1-, 2-, or 3-digit octal number x. If both -e and -r are specified, the last one specified is the one that is used. When the -f option is specified and there are more string operands than format specifiers, the format string is reprocessed from the beginning. If there are fewer string operands than format specifiers, then outputting will end at the first unneeded format specifier. Unless -f is specified, process \ sequences in each string operand as described above. This is the default behavior. Do not append a new-line character to the output. format Write the string arguments using the format string format and do not append a new-line. See printf for details on how to specify format. Write to the current co-process instead of standard output. Do not process \ sequences in each string operand as described above. Write the output as an entry in the shell history file instead of standard output. fd:=1 Write to file descriptor number fd instead of standard output. [string ...] echo(1), printf(1), read(1) printf - write formatted output printf writes each string operand to standard output using format to control the output format. The format operands supports the full range of ANSI C formatting specifiers plus the following additional specifiers: Each character in the string operand is processed specially as follows: Terminate output without appending newline. The remaining string operands are ignored. Output string quoted in a manner that it can be read in by the shell to get back the same string. However, empty strings resulting from missing string operands will not be quoted. Output string with characters <, &, >, ", and non-printable characters properly escaped for use in HTML and XML documents. Treat string as an extended regular expression and convert it to a shell pattern. Treat string as a date/time string and format it. The T can be preceded by (dformat), where dformat is a date format as defined by the date command. Output a byte whose value is 0. When performing conversions of string to satisfy a numeric format specifier, if the first character of string is " or ', then the value will be the numeric value in the underlying code set of the character following the " or '. Otherwise, string is treated like a shell arithmetic expression and evaluated. If a string operand cannot be completed converted into a value appropriate for that format specifier, an error will occur, but remaining string operands will continue to be processed. In addition to the format specifier extensions, the following extensions of ANSI-C are permitted in format specifiers: The escape sequences \E and \e expand to the escape character which is octal 033 in ASCII. Each of the integral format specifiers can have a third modifier after width and precision that specifies the base of the conversion from 2 to 64. In this case the # modifier will cause base# to be prepended to the value. If there are more string operands than format specifiers, the format string is reprocessed from the beginning. If there are fewer string operands than format specifiers, then string specifiers will be treated as if empty strings were supplied, numeric conversions will be treated as if 0 were supplied, and time conversions will be treated as if now were supplied. printf is equivalent to print -f which allows additional options to be specified. format [string ...] date(1), print(1), read(1) pwd - write working directory name pwd writes an absolute pathname of the current working directory to standard output. An absolute pathname is a pathname that begins with / that does not contains any . or .. components. The absolute pathname may contains symbolic link components. This is the default. The absolute pathname will not contain any symbolic link components. cd(1), getconf(1) read - read a line from standard input read reads a line from standard input and breaks it into fields using the characters in value of the IFS variable as separators. The escape character, \, is used to remove any special meaning for the next character and for line continuation unless the -r option is specified. If there are more variables than fields, the remaining variables are set to empty strings. If there are fewer variables than fields, the leftover fields and their intervening separators are assigned to the last variable. If no var is specifed then the variable REPLY is used. If you specify ?prompt after the first var, then read will display prompt on standard error when standard input is a terminal or pipe. Unset var and then create an indexed array containing each field in the line starting at index 0. delim Read until delimiter delim instead of to the end of line. Read from the current co-process instead of standard input. An end of file causes read to disconnect the co-process so that another can be created. Do not treat \ specially when processing the input line. Save a copy of the input as an entry in the shell history file. fd:=0 Read from file descriptor number fd instead of standard input. timeout Specify a timeout timeout in seconds when reading from a terminal or pipe. nbyte [var prompt] [var ...] Successful completion. End of file was detected or an error occurred. print(1), printf(1), cat(1) readonly - set readonly attribute on variables readonly sets the readonly attribute on each of the variables specified by name which prevents their values from being changed. If =value is specified, the variable name is set to value before the variable is made readonly. If no names are specified then the names and values of all readonly variables are written to standard output. readonly is built-in to the shell as a declaration command so that field splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the arguments. Tilde expansion occurs on value. Causes the output to be in a form of readonly commands that can be used as input to the shell to recreate the current set of readonly variables. return - return from a function or dot script return is a shell special built-in that causes the function or dot script that invokes it to exit. If return is invoked outside of a function or dot script it is equivalent to exit. If return is invoked inside a function defined with the function reserved word syntax, then any EXIT trap set within the then function will be invoked in the context of the caller before the function returns. If n is specified, the exit status is the least significant eight bits of the value of n. Otherwise, the exit status is the exit status of preceding command. break(1), exit(1) set - set/unset options and positional parameters set sets or unsets options and positional parameters. Options that are specified with a - cause the options to be set. Options that are specified with a + cause the option to be unset. set without any options or arguments displays the names and values of all shell variables in the order of the collation sequence in the current locale. The values are quoted so that they are suitable for reinput to the shell. If no args are specified, not even the end of options argument --, the positional parameters are unchanged. Otherwise, unless the -A options has been specified, the positional parameters are replaced by the list of args. A first arg of -- is ignored when setting positional parameters. For backward compatibility, a set command without any options specified whose first arg is - will turn off the -v and -x options. If any additional args are specified, they will replace the positional parameters. Sort the positional parameters. Assign the arguments sequentially to the array named by name starting at subscript 0 rather than to the positional parameters. Set the export attribute for each variable whose name does not contain a . that you assign a value in the current shell environment. The shell writes a message to standard error as soon it detects that a background job completes rather than waiting until the next prompt. A simple command that has an non-zero exit status will cause the shell to exit unless the simple command is: contained in an && or || list. the command immediately following if, while, or until. contained in the pipeline following !. Pathname expansion is disabled. Obsolete. Causes each command whose name has the syntax of an alias to become a tracked aliase when it is first encountered. This is obsolete. All arguments of the form name=value are removed and placed in the variable assignment list for the command. Ordinarily, variable assignments must precede command arguments. When enabled, the shell runs background jobs in a separate process group and displays a line upon completion. This mode is enabled by default for interactive shells on systems that support job control. The shell reads commands and checks for syntax errors, but does not execute the command. Usually specified on command invocation. If option is not specified, the list of options and their current settings will be written to standard output. When invoked with a + the options will be written in a format that can be reinput to the shell to restore the settings. This option can be repeated to enable/disable multiple options. The value of option must be one of the following: Equivalent to -a. Runs background jobs at lower priorities. Equivalent to -B. Displays input from infile onto standard error as it reads it.] shift - shift positional parameters shift is a shell special built-in that shifts the positional parameters to the left by the number of places defined by n, or 1 if n is omitted. The number of positional parameters remaining will be reduced by the number of places that are shifted. If n is given, it will be evaluated as an arithmetic expression to determinate the number of places to shift. It is an error to shift more than the number of positional parameters or a negative number of places. The positional parameters were successfully shifted. set(1) sleep - suspend execution for an interval sleep suspends execution for at least the time specified by seconds or until a SIGALRM signal is received. seconds can be specifed as a floating point number but the actual granularity depends on the underlying system, normally around 1 millisecond. seconds The execution was successfully suspended for at least time seconds, or a SIGALRM signal was received. time(1), wait(1) test - evaluate expression test evaluates expressions and indicates its results based on the exit status. Option parsing is not performed so that all arguments, including -- are processed as operands. The evaluation of the expression depends on the number of operands as follows: Evaluates to false. True if argument is not an empty string. If first operand is !, the result is True if the second operand an empty string. Otherwise, it is evaluated as one of the unary expressions defined below. If the unary operator is invalid and the second argument is --,then the first argument is processed as an option argument. If first operand is !, the result is True if the second and third operand evaluated as a unary expression is False. Otherwise, the three operands are evaluaged as one of the binary expressions listed below. If first operand is !, the result is True if the next three operands are a valid binary expression that is False. Unary expressions can be one of the following: True if file exists, obsolete. True if file exists and is a block special file. True if file exists and is a character special file. True if file exists and is a directory. True if file exists. True if file exists and is a regular file. True if file exists and has its set-group-id bit set. True if file exists and has its sticky bit on. True if length of string is non-zero. True if the shell option option is enabled. True if file exists and is a pipe or fifo. True if file exists and is readable. True if file exists and has size > 0. True if file descriptor number fildes is open and is associated with a terminal device. True if file exists and has its set-user-id bit set. True if file exists and is writable. True if file exists and is executable. For a directory it means that it can be searched. True if string is a zero length string. True if file exists and is a symbolic link. True if file exists and group is the effective group id of the current process. True if file exists and owner is the effective user id of the current process. True if file exists and is a socket. Binary expressions can be one of the following: string1 = string2 True if string1 is equal to string2. string1 == string2 string1 != string2 True if string1 is not equal to string2. num1 -eq num2 True if numerical value of num1 is equal to num2. num1 -ne num2 True if numerical value of num1 is not equal to num2. num1 -lt num2 True if numerical value of num1 is less than num2. num1 -le num2 True if numerical value of num1 is less than or equal to num2. num1 -gt num2 True if numerical value of num1 is greater than num2. num1 -ge num2 True if numerical value of num1 is greater than or equal to num2. file1 -nt file2 True if file1 is newer than file2 or file2 does not exist. file1 -ot file2 True if file1 is older than file2 or file2 does not exist. file1 -ef file2 True if file1 is another name for file2. This will be true if file1 is a hard link or a symbolic link to file2. [expression] Indicates that the specified expression is True. Indicates that the specified expression is False. let(1), expr(1) trap - trap signals and conditions trap is a special built-in that defines actions to be taken when conditions such as receiving a signal occur. Also, trap can be used to display the current trap settings on standard output. If action is -, trap resets each condition to the default value. If action is an empty string, the shell ignores each of the conditions if they arise. Otherwise, the argument action will be read and executed by the shell as if it were processed by eval(1) when one of the corresponding conditions arise. The action of the trap will override any previous action associated with each specified condition. The value of $? is not altered by the trap execution. condition can be the name or number of a signal, or one of the following: This trap is executed when the shell exits. If defined within a function defined with the function reserved word, the trap is executed in the caller's environment when the function returns and the trap action is restored to the value it had when it called the function. Same as EXIT. Executed whenever set -e would cause the shell to exit. Executed when a key is entered from a terminal device. Signal names are case insensitive and the sig prefix is optional. Signals that were ignored on entry to a noninteractive shell cannot trapped or reset although doing so will not report an error. The use of signal numbers other than 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 14, and 15 is not portable. Although trap is a special built-in, specifying a condition that the shell does not know about causes trap to exit with a non-zero exit status, but does not terminate the invoking shell. If no action or conditions are specified then all the current trap settings are written to standard output. Causes the current traps to be output in a format that can be processed as input to the shell to recreate the current traps. [action condition ...] kill(1), eval(1), signal(3) ? - declare or display variables with attributes Without the -f option, ? sets, unsets, or displays attributes of variables as specified with the options. If the first option is specified with a - then the attributes are set for each of the given names. If the first option is specified with a +, then the specified attributes are unset. If =value is specified value is assigned before the attributes are set. When ? is called inside a function defined with the function reserved word, and name does not contain a ., then a local variable statically scoped to that function will be created. Not all option combinations are possible. For example, the numeric options -i, -E, and -F cannot be specified with the justification options -L, -R, and -Z. Note that the following preset aliases are set by the shell: If no names are specified then variables that have the specified options are displayed. If the first option is specified with a leading - then the name and value of each variable is written to standard output. Otherwise, only the names are written. If no options are specified or just -p is specified, then the names and attributes of all variables that have attributes are written to standard output. When -f is specified, the names displayed will be function names. If -f is specified, then each name refers to a function and the only valid options are -u and -t. In this case no =value can be specified. ? is built-in to the shell as a declaration command so that field splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the arguments. Tilde expansion occurs on value. Each of the options and names refers to a function. An integer. base represents the arithmetic base from 2 to 64. Convert uppercase character to lowercase. Unsets -u attribute. When used with -i, -E, or -F indicates long variant. Name reference. The value is the name of a variable that name references. name cannot contain a .. Causes the output to be in a format that can be used as input to the shell to recreate the attributes for variables. Enables readonly. Once enabled it cannot be disabled. See readonly(1). When used with -f, enables tracing for each of the specified functions. Otherwise, -t is a user defined attribute and has no meaning to the shell. Without -f or -i, converts lowercase character to uppercase and unsets -l. With -f specifies that name is a function that hasn't been loaded yet. With -i specifies that the value will be displayed as an unsigned integer. Puts each name on the export list. See export(1). name cannot contain a .. Associative array. Each name will converted to an associate array. If a variable already exists, the current value will become index 0. tname Floating point number represented in scientific notation. n specifies the number of significant figures when the value is expanded. Floating point. n is the number of places after the decimal point when the value is expanded. Hostname mapping. Each name holds a native pathname. Assigning a UNIX format pathname will cause it to be converted to a pathname suitable for the current host. This has no effect when the native system is UNIX. Left justify. If n is given it represents the field width. If the -Z attribute is also specified, then leading zeros are stripped. Right justify. If n is given it represents the field width. If the -Z attribute is also specified, then zeros will be used as the fill character. Otherwise, spaces are used. Zero fill. If n is given it represents the field width. No errors occurred. readonly(1), export(1) ulimit - set or display resource limits ulimit sets or displays resource limits. These limits apply to the current process and to each child process created after the resource limit has been set. If limit is specified, the resource limit is set, otherwise, its current value is displayed on standard output. Increasing the limit for a resource usually requires special privileges. Some systems allow you to lower resource limits and later increase them. These are called soft limits. Once a hard limit is set the resource can not be increased. Different systems allow you to specify different resources and some restrict how much you can raise the limit of the resource. The value of limit depends on the unit of the resource listed for each resource. In addition, limit can be unlimited to indicate no limit for that resource. If you do not specify -H or -S, then -S is used for listing and both -S and -H are used for setting resources. If you do not specify any resource, the default is -f. A hard limit is set or displayed. A soft limit is set or displayed. Displays all current resource limits [limit] A request for a higher limit was rejected or an error occurred. ulimit(2), getrlimit(2) umask - get or set the file creation mask umask sets the file creation mask of the current shell execution environment to the value specified by the mask operand. This mask affects the file permission bits of subsequently created files. mask can either be an octal number or a symbolic value as described in chmod(1). If a symbolic value is given, the new file creation mask is the complement of the result of applying mask to the complement of the current file creation mask. If mask is not specified, umask writes the value of the file creation mask for the current process to standard output. Causes the file creation mask to be written or treated as a symbolic value rather than an octal number. [mask] The file creation mask was successfully changed, or no mask operand was supplied. chmod(1) unalias - remove alias definitions unalias removes the definition of each named alias from the current shell execution environment, or all aliases if -a is specified. It will not affect any commands that have already been read and subsequently executed. Causes all alias definitions to be removed. name operands are optional and ignored in this case. name... -a was not specified and one or more name operands did not have an alias definition, or an error occurred. alias(1) unset - unset values and attributes of variables and functions For each name specified, unset unsets the variable, or function if -f is specified, from the current shell execution environment. Readonly variables cannot be unset. If name refers to variable that is a reference, the variable name will be unset rather than the variable it references. Otherwise, is is equivalent to -v. name refers to a function name and the shell will unset the function definition. name refers to a variable name and the shell will unset it and remove it from the environment. This is the default behavior. All names were successfully unset. One or more name operands could not be unset or an error occurred. typeset(1) wait - wait for process or job completion wait with no operands, waits until all jobs known to the invoking shell have terminated. If one or more job operands are specified, wait waits until all of them have completed. If one ore more job operands is a process id or process group id not known by the current shell environment, wait treats each of them as if it were a process that exited with status 127. If wait is invoked with one or more jobs, and all of them have terminated or were not known by the invoking shell, the exit status of wait will be that of the last job. Otherwise, it will be one of the following: wait utility was invoked with no operands and all processes known by the invoking process have terminated. job is a process id or process group id that is unknown to the current shell environment. jobs(1), ps(1) whence - locate a command and describe its type Without -v, whence writes on standard output an absolute pathname, if any, corresponding to name based on the complete search order that the shell uses. If name is not found, then no output is produced. If -v is specified, the output will also contain information that indicates how the given name would be interpretted by the shell in the current execution environment. Displays all uses for each name rather than the first. Do not check for functions. For each name you specify, the shell displays a line that indicates if that name is one of the following: Reserved word Alias Built-in Undefined function Function Tracked alias Program Not found name ... Each name was found by the shell. One or more names were not found by the shell. command(1) %d: mode changed to JMP_EXIT %s: cannot create Do not check to see if name is a reserved word, a built-in, an alias, or a function. This turns off the -v option. %s: cannot open ;vdb;CIAO/ksh <unknown> Abort Alarm call All threads blocked Asynchronous I/O Bad system call Broken Pipe Bus error DIL signal Death of Child EMT trap Exceeded CPU time limit Exceeded file size limit Floating exception Hangup Highest priority realtime signal History file write error-%d %s: file unrecoverable I/O error IO signal Illegal instruction Interrupt Killed Lowest priority realtime signal Memory fault Migrate process Phone interrupt Polling alarm Power fail Profiling time alarm Quit Resources lost Security label changed Socket interrupt Sound completed Special signal used by CPR Special signal used by thread library Stopped (SIGSTOP) Stopped (SIGTTIN) Stopped process continued Stopped Stopped(SIGTTOU) System crash soon Terminated Trace/BPT trap User signal 1 User signal 2 Virtual time alarm Window size change UNIVERSE adding built-ins not supported BASH_VERSION dump failed hist_flush: EOF seek failed errno=%d index=%d marker=%d is line %d: Invariant test Quiet mode. Returns 0 if all arguments are built-ins, functions, or are programs found on the path. Exceeded resource control unknown as cannot execute bad file unit number not found restricted bad substitution option permission denied cannot set alarm MACHTYPE %s: Ambiguous %s: function has wrong number of arguments invalid argument of type %c argument expected %s: unknown type %s: invalid use of : %s: invalid discipline function %s: invalid export name %d: negative field size .sh.type %s: unknown locale %s: invalid name %s: bad number %s: unknown operator %d-%d: invalid range %s: reference variable cannot be an array %s: invalid regular expression incorrect syntax write to %d failed cannot get %s cannot set %s -c requires argument condition(s) required (coredump) rss bad directory -R requires scriptname %s: domain exception Done end of file -e - requires single argument %s: cannot execute %s: file already exists Special signal used by Java Virtual Machine %s: bad format %c: unknown format specifier %s: not found %s: unknown function %s: invalid function name Current option settings history file cannot open no history file %s: is not an identifier Thread cancellation You have running jobs %s: Arguments must be %%job or process ids %c: invalid character in expression - %s line %d: empty for list line %d: escape %c to avoid ambiguities line %d: \ in front of %c reserved for future use line %d: label %s ignored line %d: %s unknown label line %d: %c quote may be missing line %d: spaces required for nested subshell line %d: `...` obsolete, use $(...) line %d: -a obsolete, use -e line %d: '=' obsolete, use '==' line %d: %s within [[...]] obsolete, use ((...)) line %d: set %s obsolete line %d: `{' instead of `in' is obsolete line %d: quote %c to avoid ambiguities line %d: $ not preceeded by \ line %d: use space or tab to separate operators %c and %c syntax error at line %d: `%s' %s syntax error: `%s' %s syntax error at line %d: duplicate label %s line %d: use braces to avoid ambiguities with $id[...] line %d: %c within ${} should be quoted %d: invalid binary script version zero byte Use 'exit' to terminate this shell in you have mail in $_ %s missing %s: more tokens expected newline Switching to new tty driver... No job control no such job no such process Cannot start job control %s: alias not found
cannot fork %s: label not implemented %s: no reference name %s: unknown signal name out of memory not supported %s: not implemented %s: assignment requires lvalue %s: parameter not set universe not accessible %s: parameter null off Reverting to old tty driver... on %s: bad option(s) %s: overflow exception %s: limit exceeded %s: unbalanced parenthesis process already exists cannot create pipe login setuid/setgid shells prohibited cannot access parent directories no query process %s: ':' expected for '?' operator %s: is read only core %s: recursion too deep %s: restricted Running %s: invalid self reference Signal %d %s: singularity exception %s: subscript out of range %s: bad substitution %s: arithmetic syntax error [+emacs You have stopped jobs timed out waiting for input cannot create temporary file open file limit exceeded %s: bad trap unexpected pipe unmatched base:=10 Enables/disables emacs editing mode.][+errexit?Equivalent to -e.][+globstar?Equivalent to -G.][+gmacs?Enables/disables gmacs editing mode. gmacs editing mode is the same as emacs editing mode except for the handling of ^T.][+histexpand?Equivalent to -H.][+ignoreeof?Prevents an interactive shell from exiting on reading an end-of-file.][+keyword?Equivalent to -k.][+markdirs?A trailing / is appended to directories resulting from pathname expansion.][+monitor?Equivalent to -m.][+multiline?Use multiple lines when editing lines that are longer than the window width.][+noclobber?Equivalent to -C.][+noexec?Equivalent to -n.][+noglob?Equivalent to -f.][+nolog?This has no effect. It is provided for backward compatibility.][+notify?Equivalent to -b.][+nounset?Equivalent to -u.][+pipefail?A pipeline will not complete until all components of the pipeline have completed, and the exit status of the pipeline will be the value of the last command to exit with non-zero exit status, or will be zero if all commands return zero exit status.][+privileged?Equivalent to -p.][+showme?Simple commands preceded by a ; will be traced as if -x were enabled but not executed.][+trackall?Equivalent to -h.][+verbose?Equivalent to -v.][+vi?Enables/disables vi editing mode.][+viraw?Does not use canonical input mode when using vi edit mode.][+xtrace?Equivalent to -x.]}[p?Privileged mode. Disabling -p sets the effective user id to the real user id, and the effective group id to the real group id. Enabling -p restores the effective user and group ids to their values when the shell was invoked. The -p option is on whenever the real and effective user id is not equal or the real and effective group id is not equal. User profiles are not processed when -p is enabled.][r?restricted. Enables restricted shell. This option cannot be unset once enabled.][t?Obsolete. The shell reads one command and then exits.][u?If enabled, the shell displays an error message when it tries to expand a variable that is unset.][v?Verbose. The shell displays its input onto standard error as it reads it.][x?Execution trace. The shell will display each command after all expansion and before execution preceded by the expanded value of the PS4 parameter.][B?Enable {...} group expansion. On by default.][C?Prevents existing regular files from being overwritten using the > redirection operator. The >| redirection overrides this noclobber option.][G?Causes ** by itself to also match all sub-directories during pathname expansion.][H?Enable !-style history expansion similar to csh.]?[T?Enable implementation specific test code defined by mask.]#[mask] %s is an alias for is a shell builtin is a shell builtin version of is a function is a keyword is a tracked alias for is an undefined function %s is an exported alias for /tmp/euidXXXXXXXXXX cpu data [name] HLNSVOGCaeohrwxdcbfugklpsnzt ? - Shell, the standard command language interpreter ? is a command language interpreter that executes commands read from a command line string, the standard input, or a specified file. If the -i option is present, or there are no args and the standard input and standard error are attached to a terminal, the shell is considered to be interactive. The -s and -c options are mutually exclusive. If the -c option is specified, the first arg is the command-line string and must be specified. Any remaining args will be used to initialize $0 and positional parameters. If the neither -s nor -c is specified, then the first arg will be the pathname of the file containing commands and $0 will be set to this value. If there is no file with this pathname, and this pathame does not contain a /, then the PATH will be searched for an executable with this name. Any remaining args will be used to initialize the positional parmaeters. Any option can use a + instead of a - to disable the corresponding option. Read the commands from the first arg. Specifies that the shell is interactive. Invoke the shell in a restricted mode. A restricted shell does not permit any of the following: Changing the working directory. Setting values or attributes of the variables SHELL, ENV, FPATH, or PATH. Executing any command whose name as a / in it. Redirecting output of a command with >, >|, <>, or >>. Adding or deleting built-in commands or libraries with builtin. Read the commands from standard input. The positional parameters will be initialized from arg. Do not execute the script, but output the set of double quoted strings preceded by a $. These strings are needed for localization of the script to different locales. file Do not execute the script, but create a cross reference database in file that can be used a separate shell script browser. The -R option requires a script to be specified as the first operand. If command fails because there are too many args, it will be invoked multiple times with a subset of the arguments on each invocation. Arguments that occur prior to the first word that expand to multiple arguments and arguments that occur after the last word that expands to multiple arguments will be passed on each invocation. The exit status will be the maximum invocation exit status. Start at num commands back. Writes the result of history expansion for each operand to standard output. All other options are ignored. All output from this interface is written to the standard error. There are several group types: Cache this optstring for multiple passes. Used to optimize builtins that may be called many times within the same process. Ignore this optstring when generating help. Used when combining optstring values from multiple passes. Display only longname options in help messages. The - option character prefix is optional (supports obsolete ps(1) option syntax.) number specifies the number of - characters that must prefix long option names. The default is 2; 0, 1 or 2 are accepted (e.g., p0 for dd(1) and p1 for find(1).) number specifies the --??man section number, 1 by default. An option specification of the form [option[!][=number][:longname][?text]]. In this case the first field is the option character; this is the value returned in the name operand when the option is matched. If there is no option character then a two or more digit number should be specified. This number will be returned as the value of the name operand if the long option is matched. If option is followed by ! then the option character sense is the inverse of the longname sense. For options that do not take values OPTARG will be set to 0 for ! inverted option characters and 1 otherwise. =number optionally specifies a number to be returned in the name operand instead of the option character. A longname is specified by --longname and is matched by the shortest non-ambiguous prefix of all long options. * in the longname field indicates that only characters up to that point need to match, provided any additional characters match exactly. The enclosing [ and ] can be omitted for an option that does not have a longname or descriptive text. An option argument specification. Options that take arguments can be followed by : (string value) or # (numeric value) and an option argument specification. An option argument specification consists of the option argument name as field 1. The remaining : separated fields are a type name and zero or more of the special attribute words listof, oneof, and ignorecase. A default option value may be specified in the final field as :=default. The option argument specification may be followed by a list of option value descriptions enclosed in braces. A long option that takes an argument is specified as --longname=value. If the : or # is followed by ? then the option argument is optional. If only the option character form is specified then the optional argument value is not set if the next argument starts with - or +. A group of the form [+\n...] will display the characters representing ... in fixed with font without adding line breaks. Treat the argument as a variable name and output the value without converting it to a string. This is most useful for variables of type -b. Treat string as an shell pattern expression and convert it to an extended regular expression. The escape sequence \cx expands to Control-x. The escape sequence \C[.name.] expands to the collating element name. The escape sequence \x{hex} expands to the character corresponding to the hexidecimal value hex. The format modifier flag = can be used to center a field to a specified width. When the output is a terminal, the character width is used rather than the number of bytes. The # modifier can be used with the d specifier when no base is specified cause the output to be written in units of 1000 with a suffix of one of k M G T P E. The # modifier can be used with the i specifier to cause the output to be written in units of 1024 with a suffix of one of Ki Mi Gi Ti Pi Ei. When var has the binary attribute and -n or -N is specified, the bytes that are read are stored directly into var. Read at most nsize characters. For binary fields size will be in bytes. Read exactly nsize characters. For binary fields size will be in bytes. When reading from a terminal the value of the first variable is displayed and used as a default value. Enables/disables emacs editing mode.][+errexit?Equivalent to -e.][+globstar?Equivalent to -G.][+gmacs?Enables/disables gmacs editing mode. gmacs editing mode is the same as emacs editing mode except for the handling of ^T.][+histexpand?Equivalent to -H.][+ignoreeof?Prevents an interactive shell from exiting on reading an end-of-file.][+keyword?Equivalent to -k.][+markdirs?A trailing / is appended to directories resulting from pathname expansion.][+monitor?Equivalent to -m.][+multiline?Use multiple lines when editing lines that are longer than the window width.][+noclobber?Equivalent to -C.][+noexec?Equivalent to -n.][+noglob?Equivalent to -f.][+nolog?This has no effect. It is provided for backward compatibility.][+notify?Equivalent to -b.][+nounset?Equivalent to -u.][+pipefail?A pipeline will not complete until all components of the pipeline have completed, and the exit status of the pipeline will be the value of the last command to exit with non-zero exit status, or will be zero if all commands return zero exit status.][+privileged?Equivalent to -p.][+showme?Simple commands preceded by a ; will be traced as if -x were enabled but not executed.][+trackall?Equivalent to -h.][+verbose?Equivalent to -v.][+vi?Enables/disables vi editing mode.][+viraw?Does not use canonical input mode when using vi edit mode.][+xtrace?Equivalent to -x.]}[p?Privileged mode. Disabling -p sets the effective user id to the real user id, and the effective group id to the real group id. Enabling -p restores the effective user and group ids to their values when the shell was invoked. The -p option is on whenever the real and effective user id is not equal or the real and effective group id is not equal. User profiles are not processed when -p is enabled.][r?restricted. Enables restricted shell. This option cannot be unset once enabled.][t?Obsolete. The shell reads one command and then exits.][u?If enabled, the shell displays an error message when it tries to expand a variable that is unset.][v?Verbose. The shell displays its input onto standard error as it reads it.][x?Execution trace. The shell will display each command after all expansion and before execution preceded by the expanded value of the PS4 parameter.][B?Enable {...} group expansion. On by default.][C?Prevents existing regular files from being overwritten using the > redirection operator. The >| redirection overrides this noclobber option.][G?Causes ** by itself to also match all sub-directories during pathname expansion.][H?Enable !-style history expansion similar to csh.] typeset(1), shift(1) True if file exists and has been modified since it was last read. Executed before each simple command is executed but after the arguments are expanded. Indexed array. this is the default. Each name may contain binary data. Its value is the mime base64 encoding of the data. It can be used with -Z, to specify fixed sized fields. Used with -i to restrict integer size to short. tname is the name of a type name given to each name. The address space limit in kbytes. The core file size in blocks. The cpu time in seconds. The data size in kbytes. fsize The file size in blocks. locks The number of file locks. memlock The locked address space in kbytes. nofile The number of open files. nproc The number of processes. The pipe buffer size in bytes. The resident set size in kbytes. sbsize The socket buffer size in bytes. stack The stack size in kbytes. threads The number of threads. vmem The process size in kbytes. [dir] [list] [top] [base] %.*Lf %.*Lg %c: unrecognized history modifier %s%s: no previous substitution %s%s: substitution failed %s: bad word specifier %s: can only be used in a function %s: event not found %s: type not loadable Inf NaN PATH_RESOLVE PόDircabefhkmnpstuvxBCGElH att ksh bash emulation, version metaphysical physical ucb cannot append index array to associative array %s %c: bad format character in time format %s: invalid character constant %s: function not defined /dev/fd/+([0-9]) %s: disabled in profile shell
shell will timeout in 60 seconds due to inactivity _=ksh localhost Invoke the shell as a login shell; /etc/profile and $HOME/.profile, if they exist, are read before the first command. Executing command -p ... . Reads the file ${ENV-$HOME/.kshrc}, if it exists, as a profile. On by default for interactive shells; use +E to disable. If ? executes command, the exit status will be that of the last command executed. Otherwise, it will be one of the following: The script or command line to be executed consists entirely of zero or more blank lines or comments. A noninteractive shell detected a syntax error, a variable assignment error, or an error in a special built-in. -c and -s were not specified and the command script was found on PATH but was not executable. -c and -s were not specified and the command script corresponding to arg could not be found. set(1), builtin(1) shcomp - compile a shell script Unless -D is specified, shcomp takes a shell script, infile, and creates a binary format file, outfile, that ksh can read and execute with the same effect as the original script. Since aliases are processed as the script is read, alias definitions whose value requires variable expansion will not work correctly. If -D is specifed, all double quoted strings that are preceded by $ are output. These are the messages that need to be translated to locale specific versions for internationalization. If outfile is omitted, then the results will be written to standard output. If infile is also omitted, the shell script will be read from standard input. dictionary Generate a list of strings that need to be placed in a message catalog for internationalization. noexec Displays warning messages for obsolete or non-conforming constructs. [v:verbose ksh(1)
ACC SHELL 2018